Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
• Mid-haul airplanes on flights over 463 km (288 mi) up to 3,000 km (1,863 mi)
or between 3 and 6 h emit 178 g km
-1
of CO
2
(6.28 oz km
-1
or 10.1 oz mi
-1
);
and
• Long-haul airplanes on flight over approximately 3,000 km (1,863 mi) or more
than 6.5 h emit 114 g km
-1
CO
2
(4.02 oz km
-1
or 6.47 oz mi
-1
).
The SFC per passenger and kilometers in aviation is approximately 130-140 g
(4.59-4.94 oz) and similar to the emissions of a car with four seats and one person
on-board. New developments may produce emissions lower than 100 g (passenger
km)
-1
, i.e., 5.68 oz (passenger mi)
-1
for very large jet airliners.
Currently, the taxiing noise level of most Western aircraft is between 123 db(A)
and 133 db(A). Specific noise level of airplanes is decreasing in course of new
technologies in aviation. However, the average noise emission level near terminals
of airports will increase from 24 dB(A) in 2000 to 30.3 dB(A) by 2025 due to the
higher air traffic.
15.7.3 Maritime Technology
Currently, ships emit less than 1,000 9 10
6
t i.e., 2,205 9 10
9
lb of CO
2
each
year. Emissions have grown more than 85% since 1990, the base year of the Kyoto
Protocol. Predictions show that global fuel consumption and CO
2
emissions of
ships will increase continuously and will be 160-284% higher in 2050 than in
2009. However, new technologies can decrease ships' fuel consumption and
emissions.
Short-term goals are slow steaming and optimal use of existing technologies
and resources. Long-term goals require new technologies, particularly the use of
renewable energy sources in ships. These measures require not only new tech-
nology but also new international and national laws. Scenarios predict an increase
in maritime emissions of 75% by 2020. The reason is the expected growth of the
world trade fleet, which cannot be balanced with improved SFC of new vessels.
UNFCCC has the goal to reduce emissions from ships by 40% by 2020 and by
80% by 2050. New propulsion systems are needed, which could reduce emissions
from ships by 10% and improved operations, which could reduce them by another
10%.
References
1. Troposphere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troposphere
2. Stratosphere.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere
3. Ozone layer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer
4. Global Warming.
http://www.library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/global_warming.htm
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