Climate and Environmental Protection - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 230

Table 15.2 Number and density of lightning strikes in Germany

Year Number of lightning strikes on earth's surface

Absolute number

Specific number (number km -2 )

2004 1,752 455 4.9

2005 1,927 941 5.4

2006 2,484 791 7.0

2007 2,662 409 7.5

Table 15.3 Fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions of non-military shipping
Sort of shipping Average values

2009
10 6

Average values
2020
10 6

Average values
2050
10 6 t (10 9 t (10 9 t (10 9 lb) lb) lb)

Total ship fuel a consumption 333 (734) 400 (882) 899 (1,912)

Total ship CO 2 emissions b

1,019 (2,246) 1,428 (3,148) 2,751 (6,065)

CO 2 emissions of maritime
shipping c

843 (1,858) 1,012 (2,231) 2,276 (5,018)

a

Calculated excluding fishing vessels

b

Calculated including domestic shipping and fishing, but excluding military vessels

c

Calculated subtracting domestic emissions from the total emissions

and precautious operating procedures exclude nearly any in-flight emergency
events happening due to severe weather phenomenon.

15.5 Climate Impact of Shipping

Maritime shipping emitted approximately 843 9 10 6 t i.e., 1,859 9 10 9 lb CO 2 in
2009 and therefore contributed to 2.8% of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. In
comparison, aviation presented a similar—if slightly smaller—annual emission
rate with 733 9 10 6 t (1,616 9 10 9 lb) CO 2 [ 34 ].
Sea-going vessels consume fuels with a sulfur content of 2-3% and annually
emit (10-12) 9 10 6 t i.e., (22.03-26.45) 9 10 9 lb SO 2 into the atmosphere. The
production of SO 2 is the reason that ships' emissions have a disproportionally high
absorption of infrared radiation. According to the IPCC predictions, CO 2 emis-
sions in maritime shipping will increase by factors of 1.1-1.3 up to 2020 and by
factors of 2.4-3.0 up to 2050. They are the most powerful rates of increase in
transportation; see Table 15.3 [ 35 ].
In inland navigation, ships often use higher quality fuels, i.e., diesel fuel.
Table 15.4 shows the current and future proportions of fuel consumption and
emissions in inland shipping [ 36 ].