Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 15.1
Regulation of emissions of Green House Gases in road traffic in the world
Country
Regulation
China
China introduced limits on CO
2
emissions in 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2011 to protect the
environment [
15
]. The Chinese regulations limit vehicle weight. High performance
vehicles with high fuel consumption will not be sold in China in the future. Next
steps are China 4 for self-ignition engines (gasoline propelled engines have been
regulated in 2011) and China 5 in 2012
Japan
In June 2010, the Japanese government started a study of further CO
2
requirements for
2020. Each manufacturer has to achieve fuel efficiency as a weighted average in
each weight class. Consumption has been determined on 10-15 and FC08 test
cycles. New Regulation 2015 Fuel Economy will consider diesel and gasoline
vehicles together [
16
]
USA
Moderate Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards are valid for fleet consumption.
Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 estimates introduction of renewable
fuels and consumer protection [
17
]. EPA and NHTSA proposed new fuel economy
and GHG regulations for vehicles in 2009. Progressive proposals such as the
SULEV 20, SULEV 50, and SULEV 70 to update them are being advanced by the
CARB [
18
]. This regulation was valid for private vehicles, with less than 12 people
and achieved a reduction in CO
2
emissions from 205 g km
-1
(7.231 oz km
-1
or
11.635 oz mi
-1
) in 2000 to 180 g km
-1
(6.35 oz km
-1
or 10.217 oz mi
-1
)in
2008. The agenda is to lower the CO
2
output to 125 g km
-1
(4.409 oz km
-1
or
7.094 oz mi
-1
) by the year 2020. Light Duty Trucks (LDT B 8,500 lb (3.8 t)) emit
about 250 g km
-1
(8.818 oz km
-1
or 14.188 oz mi
-1
) presently. By 2020, that
should be reduced to 200 g km
-1
(7.055 oz km
-1
or 11.351 oz mi
-1
)
EU
European legislation requires decreasing fuel consumption and CO
2
output [
19
]. The
middle performance category of private vehicles in the EU produces about
159 g CO
2
km
-1
(5.608 oz km
-1
or 9.023 oz mi
-1
) with an average consumption
of 6.6 l 9 100 km
-1
(42.73 mpg (US) and 35.61 mpg (UK)). CO
2
emissions are
limited to 130 g km
-1
(4.586 oz km
-1
, or 7.379 oz mi
-1
) in 2015. 65% of the fleet
of cars must meet the requirement by 2012, 75% by 2013, 80% by 2014, and 100%
by 2015. After 2015, it should be decreased to 120 g km
-1
(4.233 oz km
-1
or
8.811 oz mi
-1
) and to 95 g km
-1
(3.351 oz km
-1
or 5.392 oz mi
-1
) by 2020. The
decision about how to reach the objectives for 2020 must be prepared in 2014
15.3.1 Legislation and Regulations
CO
2
emissions depend firstly on the weight and the power of vehicles and sec-
ondly on the driving behavior of drivers and the traffic organization. Therefore,
many governments regulate the weight and emissions of vehicles. Yet these
standards are not easily comparable, due to differences in policy approaches, test
drive cycles and units of measurement.
15.3.2 Comparison of Regulations
The relevant stringency and implementation years of fuel economy and GHG
emissions standards in the world are in Table
15.1
.
Search WWH ::
Custom Search