Navigation - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 215

journey's parameter
influenced by
v, D, a, g, rpm

fuel consumption
analysed by FM

fuel quality (v, De, F, S)
emissions, measured by OBM
(HC, CO, NO, PM)

environmental
conditions to
t, p, h, w, w D

safety parameters
(distance to other ships,
costs and dangerous areas)

navigation

water conditions
W a W, Dt

management instruction
(journey time limit, connections to train and
road capacity in harbour, tax conditions

hull resistance (cleanliness, design factor,
load of deck with containers,
exhaust gas after treatment (with CSR and filter technology)

air conditions vessel conditions fuel conditions water conditions

t
p
h
w
w D

temperature
pressure
humidity
wind power
wind direction

v
D
a
g
rpm

speed
direction
acceleration
gear choice
number of revolutions

v
De
F
S

viscosity
density
flaming point
sulphur content

W a
W D
S t

wave amplitude
wave direction
streaming

Fig. 14.7 Main influencing factors for ship navigation

immediately recognize and monitor weather and dangerous operating conditions
and can start corrective measures if necessary [ 50 ].
The ship's speed, wave direction, and wave heights are continuously measured
by radar and compared with databases of the voyage. Forecasts can be calculated
for the current ship movements in the on-board computer.

14.3.2 Ship Distress and Safety Communications

Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is an integrated commu-
nication system using satellite and terrestrial radio communication to ensure aid
for ships in distress [ 51 ]. GMDSS communicates with protocols to increase the
safety and assist in the rescue of distressed ships. The Maritime Safety Information
system provides meteorological and navigation information anywhere at sea [ 52 ].
All passenger ships and cargo vessels over Gross Tonnage (GT) 300 t, i.e.,
661 9 10 3 lb on international voyages must comply with GMDSS. Vessels under
300 GT, recreational, and offshore ships are not subject to GMDSS requirements,
but they increasingly use Digital Selective Calling (DSC) VHF radios [ 53 ].
Regulations governing GMDSS are contained in the International Convention of
SOLAS [ 54 ].