Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
engine can cause a serious increase in fuel consumption and exhaust gas emis-
sions. Preventions hinder wear of components in the combustion chamber, e.g., air
leak which usually leads to damage to cylinders, pistons, and piston rings [ 51 ].
The maintenance of the lubrication system reduces mechanical friction and
wear. It is important to raise the cooling water temperature of diesel engines to
65-90C (149-194F). Fuel is not optimally used at low temperatures, because
higher fuel viscosity increases the friction and resulting wear of parts. Preventing
oil leaks, especially at the connection of the oil injection and return line, improves
fuel efficiency [ 52 ].
Optimal use of waste heat helps to decrease fuel consumption [ 53 ]. About 40%
of all the heat generated is turned into the output power, while the rest is lost
outside of the ship through heated fuel tanks and pipes, exhaust gases, and cooling
water [ 54 , 55 ].
Fuel consumption is also decreased through careful maintenance of the turbo-
charger, by periodic cleaning of the air filters and removing soot from the exhaust
gas [ 56 ].
Besides technology, the economical plan of the routes and the shipping sche-
dule are decisive for fuel consumption as well as for exhaust gas emissions. The
choice of the most efficient port for avoiding congestion and having optimal
connections to road and rail transportation are also decisive. Routes should be
optimized according to the sea conditions and to the weather which strongly
shortens or extends the journey distance and time. Efficient navigation helps to
avoid unnecessary detours and dangerous situations. Rational use of ocean currents
and winds also reduces fuel consumption.
Modern telecommunication and Internet provide topical information about
traffic. This makes it possible to avoid creating bottlenecks at water ways and in
harbors, and enabling rational storage of goods. Freight transportation usually
needs cargo for the return trip. Shipping companies cooperate in purchasing fuel.
Energy conservation management and the proper handling of waste oil usually
conserve 1-3% of fuel [ 57 ].
Ships in harbors are more and more switching to shore power and replacing
their shipboard generators to save fuel and exhaust gas emissions near environ-
mentally sensitive areas [ 58 ].
13.6 Summary and Recommendations: Inspection
and Maintenance
Optimal operation of vehicles, airplanes and ships depends on a variety of
parameters. Inspection of engines requires highly developed on-board monitoring
methods to control the quality of engine, propulsion and safety systems.
A maintenance schedule with adequate training can increase safety and reduce
costs
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