Type Approval and Type Certification - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 182

The complete TA procedure is regulated by the Type approval (TA), the
Conformity of the Production (CP), the Field Monitoring (FM) and the Exhaust
Gas Batch Testing (ET). After purchase, motor vehicles are monitored through
exhaust gas checks organized by individual national authorities, examples of
which are the ''Ministry of Transport in England'' (MOT), the ''Inspection and
Maintenance'' in the USA (IM), the ''Technischer Überwachungsverein in Ger-
many'' (TÜV), the ''National Car Test in Ireland'' (NCT) and the ''Green Card''
(GC) service in Hungary.
There are three artificial driving cycles for passenger cars:
• The European NEDC;
• The US American FTP 75; and
• The Japanese JC 08.
Individual countries use one of these three procedures based on their political
and technological connections. In the future, the unification of these procedures for
passenger cars, similar to heavy duty vehicles could support cost effective pro-
duction of vehicles, make it easier to sell them on the world market and reduce the
purchase price. There are good examples such the World Harmonized Stationary
Cycle (WHSC) for a hot start steady state cycle and the World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) with both cold and hot start requirements for heavy
commercial vehicles.
12.4.2 Airplane Type Certification
Airworthiness certification and verification of airplanes is checked by routine test
runs carried out by the manufacturer. For an airplane already in production, the
responsible national authority approves the individual airworthiness certificates.
The exhaust gas composition of unburned substances such as HC, CO and NO,
NO 2 , particles, and noise of jet engines and APUs have to be examined according
to JAR-E Technical Standing Order and EASA regulations within the Type
certification.
JAR-E is based on ECAR Section C and is termed JAR for engines. It contains
the airworthiness requirement of all aircraft engines. Further relevant EASA
regulations are subpart B for piston engines, design and construction, subpart C for
piston engine, type substantiation, and subpart D for turbine engines.
12.4.3 Ship Certification
The ship certification depends on the regulations, ratified by the IMO. Basic safety
requirements are specified in the EU in EEC and EC guidelines, which are to be
partially taken over by national governments. Leading the proceedings in Europe