Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 12.6
Sulfur limits for liquid fuels in Germany
Type of fuel
Sulfur content in the past
mg kg -1
Decreased sulfur content
mg kg -1
(ppm)
(ppm)
Gasoline
10
0.01 from 2003
Super plus
10
0.01 from 2003
Diesel oil
19
0.01 from 2003
Light heating oil
2,000
2.00 from 2008
Kerosene
300
0.30 according to IP 336
Heavy oil (land)
10,000 (1.0%)
10.00
45,000 (4.5%) a
Heavy oil (sea)
45.00
a
1.5% in Baltic and North Sea and in the English channel
The sulfur content of heavy fuel oils in maritime shipping is regulated
according to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Annex VI, revised in 2008, which
entered into force on 1 July 2010. In special cases, Sulphur Emission Control
Areas (SECA), such as the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel, the
sulfur content has been limited since 2006. Consequently, this requirement has led
to the use of two different fuels on-board. Certified exhaust gas after treatment
devices can be alternatively used, which further effectively limit the SO x content in
the exhaust gas. The sulfur content of the fuel and the time to switch to low sulfur
fuel must be documented upon entry into a SECA area [ 47 ].
However,
before
ships
generally
can
use
low
sulfur
fuel,
the
following
requirements must be fulfilled:
• The supply must be standardized worldwide;
• The quality must be sufficient and constant; and
• The color must be corresponding for separation from other fuels [ 48 ].
Environment and climate protection and the increasing cost of fuels intensively
influence the introduction of new fuel types. In the future, more parallel supply
systems must guarantee save supply with different qualities of fuels. However, it is
expected that the complementary measures for the storage and the use of different
quality fuels will lead to higher costs.
The problem of the compatibility of fuels affects both the main and the auxiliary
engines because ships use fuels from the same tank not only for the propulsion but
for heating and cooling and other purposes.
12.3.4 Nitrogen Oxide Concentration
The MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Annex VI, Regulation 13 sets the limits for
nitrogen oxide emissions of international seagoing vessels [ 49 ].
Strengthened emission standards for new ships were adopted by the IMO in
2008, NO x
emissions from international shipping in European sea areas are
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