Type Approval and Type Certification - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 179

the main goal of enhancing the safety of life and property for the benefit of the
public and ultimately, the environment [ 35 ].
Nowadays, there are ten internationally recognized classification societies
which are organized under an umbrella organization in the IACS. There are further
approximately 30 other classification societies which do not correspond to the
international quality standards of the IACS.
Statutory inspections manage security on-board, supervise safety regulations for
labor conditions, and for environmental protection that are made by flag states.
Class-conforming ships receive corresponding certificates from the classification
society [ 36 ]. They contribute to maritime safety and regulation through technical
support, compliance verification, and research and development. More than 90%
of the world's cargo carrying tonnage is covered by the classification design,
construction compliance and life-cycle assessment. Rules and standards set by the
member societies of IACS.
12.3.2 International Environmental Regulations
Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from ships were adopted in the
1997 Protocol to MARPOL 73/78 and are included in Annex VI of the Convention
[ 37 ]. They came into force in 2005 after ratification by 15 member states of the
IMO, which represent more than 50% of the world tonnage. Regulations 13 and 14
of the Annex VI set limits for NO x from diesel engines and for SO x emissions from
ships [ 38 ].
Similar to aviation technology, the rules of the IMO are valid internationally in
contrast to road transportation whose rules are only valid within national or
regional frames. The IMO regulations are moderately competition-neutral.
Monitoring takes place via national classification societies, professional envi-
ronmental associations and government port controls. Classification societies have
also created new classes like the Environmental Passport [ 39 ], the awards for
Environmental Protection [ 40 ], Clean Ships and Clean Design in recent years [ 41 ].
In 2010, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) [ 42 ]of
MARPOL introduced two drafts, the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) [ 43 ]
and the Ship Efficiency Management Plan (SEMP) [ 44 ] for decreasing Green
House Gas (GHG) emissions for the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) [ 45 ].
12.3.3 Sulphur Concentration
A special problem arises from the sulphur content of heavy marine fuels on ships
(see Table 12.6 )[ 46 ].