Type Approval and Type Certification - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 170

2000/2002
Standards on
10/15 mode +
11 mode cycles

2005 long Term
Standards
10/15 + 11 mode
cycles

Standards on
10/15 mode +
11 mode cycles

10/15
mode
11 mode

2009 Post New long
Term Proposal
Mode cycles 10/15+JC 08

Japan

EC 1993
Euro1
ECE
R 15/04

EC 1996
Euro 2

EC 2000
Euro 3

EC 2005
Euro 4

EC 2010
Euro 5

EC 2011
Euro 5

EC 2014
Euro 6

ECE cycle
ECE+
EUDC
cycle

EU

Europe

ECE
R 83

ECE
R 83/01

ECE
R 83/02

ECE
R 83/03

ECE
R 83/04

ECE
R 83/05

ECE

ECE

R 83/06

1)

Tier 0
US 87

Tier 1
US 94

EPA NLEV Tier 2

FTP
test
cycle

US

CARB TIER 0 TIER 1

LEV 1 TLEV 1 LEV 1 ULEV 1 ZEV 1 LEV 2 LEV 2 ULEV 2 SULEV 2 ZEV 2 LEV 3

2)

Fig. 12.2 Test procedure in guidelines for the measurement of emissions for passenger cars

During the determination of pollutants, the exhaust gas is diluted with air.
Volume flow is calculated from the air and the exhaust gas by a dilution ratio of
approximately 1:8. A part of the exhaust gas is collected in three bags, from the
three sections of the US driving cycle. The European test procedure combines the
three samples into one bag. In addition, a part of the ambient or outside air is filled
into three bags or into one bag to provide a comparison to the basic pollution level.
The concentrations of the exhaust gas sample and of the ambient air compo-
nents are measured with certified analyzers. The concentrations in the ambient air
must be subtracted from the exhaust gas sample. The multiplication of the con-
centration with the flow rate and the integration over the whole driving route yields
the weight of emissions per distance in g km -1 or g mi -1 for passenger cars and
emissions per performed work in g (kW h) -1 or g (bhp h) -1 for heavy commercial
vehicles.
In the EU, cars and light duty vehicles are examined at roller test benches. The
emissions of complete HDVs are estimated only for experiments at a specific roller
test bench if it is required during the development. The engines of heavy-duty
vehicles are usually examined at the engine dynamometer test bench. In both
cases, at the roller and the dynamometer engine test bench, the driving cycle is
regulated and steered by a computer program. The operation can be processed by
test drivers who drive the car in accordance with the commands on the computer
display. These displays give the speed and the gear including braking and accel-
erating. The other way is the use of automats which move pedals and levers in the
car with bowden cables or steering bars.

12.1.2.2 Procedures in the USA

In the USA, the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) 75 is similar to the NEDC in Europe
[ 4 ]. However, in contrast to the European procedure, in the US FTP 75 test
separate driving cycles are prescribed for the high-speed portion (UDDS), for
aggressive driving characteristics (US06) [ 5 ], for driving with operating auxiliary