Aerodynamics of Vehicles and Airplanes, and Hydrodynamics of Ships - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 116

- Improving the shape of the hull's design for low aero- and hydrodynamic
resistance; and
- Fitting the engine and the propulsion system to the main construction and
operation condition.

• In the operation phase:

- Maintaining the cleanliness of the outer skin;
- Using even and symmetrical distribution of freight; and
- Optimizing the ship's speed and the engine's SFC.

These common measures significantly increase the hydro- and aerodynamic
efficiency. Since the resistance primarily influences the flow field, the question
about the optimal hull form is always connected with the propulsion, i.e., with the
complete drive. Apart from the size of the ship, optimally advanced propulsion
technologies can lower transport costs in operation, and consequently increase the
cost competitiveness of the ship.
Also, in inland shipping, the proportions between the displacement of a ship
and its power requirement improve as the ship is made larger. However, contin-
uing development will become more and more difficult due to the limited size of
inland waterways.

References

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Wiesbaden. ISBN: 978-3-528-03959-2
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