Emissions - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 91

Airplanes emit the highest amounts of NO, NO 2 , and particles in the takeoff
phase near airports. To monitor pollutants from aircraft in this situation, the ICAO
established emission measurement procedures and compliance standards for soot,
measured as Smoke Number, unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
nitrogen oxides for procedures at aircrafts. Highly precise emission analysis
devices in environmental measurement containers can estimate the distribution of
exhaust gas components in the atmosphere, but the allocation of peaks to indi-
vidual airplanes depends on weather conditions. That is why the landing and the
takeoff cycle (LTO cycles) of an airplane is defined with test bench data which
provide precise conditions for comparison.
Aircraft operators can contribute to the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust
gas by running and acting upon the results of an engine degradation monitoring
program.
5.6.3 Ship Emissions
Monitoring the emissions of exhaust gases in the smoke stack can precisely
characterize the operation of a ship's engine. Higher concentrations of exhaust gas
products in comparison with the normal level can be used as recommendations for
early maintenance or for engine repairs.
Near harbors, remote sensing methods can be applied to control exhaust gas
emissions, but fast changing ambient air temperatures, pressure, humidity, wind
speed, and wind direction often make it impossible to use the signals to create
clear decisions concerning the sources of emissions, although it allows to regulate
levying taxes based on exhaust gas emissions.
To reduce fuel consumption and pollutants in the atmosphere of harbors,
management has to consider not only energy saving methods in the operation of
ships, but also possibilities for improving the on-shore energy supply in harbors
and replacing conventionally fuelled duty vehicles for logistic with environmen-
tally friendly driven vehicles. Emissions of public and private cars, and logistic
vehicles can cause a very high local concentration near parking garages and ter-
minals at harbors. The use of alternative fuels in heavy duty vehicles, public buses,
and cabs can intensively decrease emissions in harbors.
References
1. Combustion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion
2. What is the balanced equation for the combustion of kerosene? http://en.wiki.answers.com/Q/
What_is_the_balanced_equation_for_the_combustion_of_kerosene
3. Emission facts: average carbon dioxide emissions resulting from gasoline and diesel fuel.
EPA420-F-05-001 February 2005. http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/420f05001.htm
4. Fuel chemistry. http://www.altfuels.org/backgrnd/fuelchem.html