Emissions - Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation - page 88

Table 5.2 Ratio of
emissions at airports

Source of emissions Ratio of exhaust gas (%)

NO x HC CO

Air traffic 44 4 34

Airport work a

6 1 5

Ground traffic 3 0 3

Sum of emissions 53 5 42

a

APU, Ground Power Unit, fuelling, apron, power station

steel protection
wall

CO + 2 HO + N+ O 2 2 2

SO + SO
2

+ HC + CO + C + NO + NO

runway

3 FM 2

air + fuel

sample take
with steel tube

mobile
analyser car

Fig. 5.5 ''Driving behind'' method

5.5 Emissions in Ship Navigation

Like aviation, ship transportation belongs to the most intensively prospering
branches of economy. Ships' diesel engines burn heavy fuels with low volatility.
Both fuel quality and engine operating characteristics have a high effect on the
exhaust gas composition and concentration; see Fig. 5.6 .
However, despite similarities, the composition of exhaust gas substances and

the level of emissions in ships are vastly different from other types of

transportation.
MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Annex VI requires intensively decreasing emis-
sions, similar to the EU and USA, and to other national directives [ 30 ]. Clean
Shipping Index technology is gaining importance [ 31 ]. Revision of MARPOL
Annex VI and the NO x Technical Code prescribes measures to decrease emissions
worldwide [ 32 ]. Environmental Committees create frame conditions for the

introduction of new control mechanisms [ 33 ].
The Vessel Efficiency System already contains elements of Self Diagnosis
technology [ 34 ]. It can be an important measure for saving fuel and for comparing
exhaust gas emissions with limiting values or time intervals which are decisive for
maintaining and replacing engine components. In the future, on-board measured