Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 11.1
Total food intake of animals [kg/d]
References
Cattle
Pigs
Lambs
Poultry
Veerkamp and Ten
Berge (
1994
)[kg
dry matter/d]
16.5
0.1
IAEA (
1994
) [kg dry
matter/d]
Dairy cows: 16.1
(10-25)
Beef cattle : 7.2
(5-10)
2.4 (2-3)
1.1 (0.5-2.0) Laying hens: 0.1
(0.07-0.15)
Chickens: 0.07
(0.05-0.15)
IAEA (
2001
) [kg dry
matter/d]
Dairy cows: 16
Beef cattle: 12
GCNC (
2002
)[kg
fresh matter/d]
Grass: 60 (8
month/year)
Hay: 5 (4
month/year)
Corn: 35 (4
month/year)
Corn silage:
2.5
Grass: 8
Corn silage: 0.06
US DOE (
2003
)[kg
fresh matter/d]
Beef cattle: 29-68
Dairy cows: 50-73
0.11-0.4
US EPA (
2005
)[kg
dry matter/d]
Forage (grass/hay):
Beef cattle: 8.8
Dairy cows: 13.2
Silage:
Beef cattle: 2.5
Dairy cows: 4.1
Grain:
Beef cattle: 0.47
Dairy cows: 3.0
Silage: 1.4
Grain: 3.3
Grain: 0.2
Depending on the source, food intake rates are either given on a fresh matter basis or a dry matter
basis. The dry to wet-weight ratios are around 20, 90,18 and 90% for grass, hay, corn silage and
grains respectively (GCNC
2002
; US DOE
2004
)
Differences in the relative oral bioavailability, the variable Bs, should be taken into
account when assessing the internal exposure through soil ingestion (see
Chapter 7
by Cave et al., this topic). In the absence of reliable data, B
s
is often assumed to be
equal to 1, which is a conservative approach.
Table 11.2
Water intake of animals [L/d]
References
Cattle
Pigs
Lambs
Poultry
Veerkamp and Ten
Berge (
1994
)
55
0.2
IAEA (
1994
)
Dairy cows: 50-100 Beef cattle: 20-60
6-10
3-5
0.1-0.3
IAEA (
2001
)
Dairy cows: 60 Beef cattle: 40
GCNC (
2002
)
18
10
4
0.2
US DOE (
2003
)
∗
Beef cattle: 60 Dairy cows: 60-100
0.5
∗
Data given by US DOE correspond to a climate with high temperature
Search WWH ::
Custom Search