Uptake of Organic Contaminants from Soil into Vegetables and Fruits - Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory Towards Practical Application - page 370

9.3.1 Bioconcentration Factors ...............................

372

9.3.2 Regression Equations ................................. 374

9.3.3 Root Concentration Factor .............................. 374

9.3.4 Partition Coefficients for Stem and Leaves .................... 376

9.3.5 Translocation from Roots into Stem and Leaves .................

377

9.4 Mechanistic Models for Estimating Uptake of Contaminants into Plants ......

377

9.4.1 Processes to Include in a Plant Uptake Model .................. 378

9.4.2 Mass Balance for a Dynamic Plant Uptake Model ................ 378

9.4.3 Steady-State Solution for the Root and Leaf Model ............... 381

9.4.4 General Solutions for a Cascade Model ......................

381

9.4.5 Input Data for the Root and Leaf Model ...................... 384

Influence of Contaminant-Specific Parameters ......................

9.5 384

9.5.1 K OW on Accumulation in Roots and Potatoes .................. 384

9.5.2 K OW and K AW on Accumulation of Contaminants in Leaves ......... 385

9.5.3 Uptake from Air Versus Uptake from Soil ..................... 387

9.5.4 Dissipation from Soil ................................. 388

9.5.5 Impact of pKa and pH on Uptake of Ionisable Contaminants .........

389

Influence of Plant-Specific Parameters ........................... 9.6 390

9.6.1 Crop Types and Uptake Pathways ..........................

391

9.6.2 Physiological Parameters ............................... 391

9.6.3 Plant Morphology and Collection Efficiency for Particles ........... 392

9.6.4 Variation of Partition Coefficients .......................... 394

9.6.5 Permeability .......................................

394

9.6.6 Particle Deposition ...................................

395

9.6.7 Metabolism in Plants ................................. 395

Environmental Variables ................................... 9.7 397

9.7.1 Climate .......................................... 397

9.7.2 Bioavailability .....................................

398

9.7.3 Soil pH ..........................................

398

9.7.4 Uncertainties in Predictions ............................. 398

9.8 Uptake Potential of Specific Substance Classes ..................... 399

9.8.1 Chlorinated Solvents (PCE, TCE and Others) .................. 399

9.8.2 Gasoline Contaminants ................................

400

9.8.3 Heavy Petroleum Products .............................. 400

9.8.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons .........................

400

9.8.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants POPs ......................... 400

9.8.6 Explosives ........................................ 400

9.8.7 Phenols .......................................... 401

9.8.8 Cyanides ......................................... 401

9.9 Monitoring of Contaminants in Soils and Shallow Aquifers with Vegetation ....

401

9.10 Conclusions ...........................................

403

References ................................................

403