Introduction to Contaminated Site Management - Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory Towards Practical Application - page 4

Contents

1.1 Status of Contaminated Sites ................................. 5

1.1.1 History .......................................... 5

The Present Situation .................................

1.1.2 7

Public Awareness ....................................

1.1.3 10

The Contaminated Site Management Framework ................ 1.1.4 11

1.2 Soils and Sites .......................................... 15

Soils ........................................... 1.2.1 15

Contaminated Sites ..................................

1.2.2 18

1.3 Contaminants ........................................... 20

Terminology .......................................

1.3.1 20

1.3.2 Daily Life ........................................ 20

Categorisation ...................................... 1.3.3 21

1.3.4 Occurrence in Soils and Groundwater ....................... 27

1.3.5 Mixtures of Contaminants .............................. 27

Scope of This Topic ..................................

1.3.6 28

1.4 Site Characterisation ...................................... 28

1.5 Risk Assessment .........................................

30

Principles ........................................ 1.5.1 30

The Concept of Risk .................................. 1.5.2 31

Procedure ........................................ 1.5.3 32

Reliability ........................................

1.5.4 35

1.6 Risk Management ........................................

39

Scope ........................................... 1.6.1 39

The Source ....................................... 1.6.2 40

Procedures ........................................ 1.6.3 40

Remediation Technologies ..............................

1.6.4 41

Ecological Recovery ..................................

1.6.5 45

Remediation Objectives ................................ 1.6.6 46

1.7 A Closer Look into Risk Assessment ............................ 47

Types of Risk Assessment .............................. 1.7.1 47

Soil Quality Standards .................................

1.7.2 48

1.7.3 Measurements ...................................... 50

Laboratory Data Versus Field Data .........................

1.7.4 52

Expert Judgement ................................... 1.7.5 53

Essential Metals .................................... 1.7.6 54

Background Concentrations ............................. 1.7.7 54

Spatial Scale ...................................... 1.7.8 56

Time Domain ......................................

1.7.9 57

1.7.10 Costs of Soil Contamination .............................

58

1.7.11 Cost-Benefit Analyses .................................

59

1.7.12 Integration of Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment ........ 59

1.7.13 Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Tools ..................... 60

1.7.14 Brownfields ....................................... 61