Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Current analysis indicates that average soil ingestion rates for children are below
100 mg/d and should be around 50 mg/d. Average dust ingestion rates are within
the same range, although children spend more time indoors than outdoors. This
means that soil or dust ingestion per unit of time is higher outdoors than indoors,
probably due to the more vigorous activities children are involved in outdoors and
the “unlimited” amounts of soil available. Higher percentiles of soil ingestion are
estimated to be around 100 mg/d. Estimates for pica-behaviour are highly uncertain,
but are in the order of g/day.
Best ranges or distributions for soil and dust ingestion rates can be derived from
the available studies and default values can be set. Region- or site-specific informa-
tion on e.g. climate, urbanization, dustiness could be used to justify choices from
these data.
References
ATSDR (2001) Summary report for the ATSDR soil pica workshop, June 2000, US Department of
Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
AuYeung W, Canales R, Beamer P, Ferguson AC, Leckie JO (2004) Young children's mouthing
behavior: An observational study via videotaping in a primarily outdoor residential setting.
J Children's Health 2(3-4):271-295
Bierkens J, Cornelis C (2006) Opstellen van gebruiksafhankelijke waarden voor bodemingestie
(No2006/IMS/R/387) (in Dutch). VITO, Mol, Belgium
Binder S, Sokal D, Maughan D (1986) Estimating soil ingestion: the use of tracer elements in
estimating the amount of soil ingested by young children. Arch Environ Health 41(6):341-345
Calabrese EJ (2003) Letter from Dr. E. Calabrese to Kevin W. Holtzclaw, manager gen-
eral electric company: soil ingestion rates.
http://www.epa.gov/region1/ge/thesite/restofriver/
reports/final_hhra/comments/generalelectric/AttachE.pdf
. Accessed July 2003
Calabrese EJ, Pastides H, Barnes R, Edwards C, Kostecki PT (1989) How much soil do young
children ingest: an epidemiologic study. In: Petroleum contaminated soils. Lewis, Chelsea, MI,
pp 363-397
Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ (1992) What proportion of household dust is derived from outdoor soil?
J Soil Contamin 1(3):253-263
Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ (1995) Resolving intertracer inconsistencies in soil ingestion estimation.
Environ Health Perspect 103(5):454-456
Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Barnes RM (1996) Methodology to estimate the amount and particle size
of soil ingested by children: Implications for exposure assessment at waste sites. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 24:264-268
Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Gilbert CE, Barnes RM (1990) Preliminary adult soil ingestion estimates:
results of a pilot study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 12:88-95
Calabrese EJ, Stanek EJ, Pekow P, Barnes RM (1997) Soil ingestion estimates for children residing
on a Superfund site. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 36:258-268
Camann DE, Majumdar TK, Geno PW (2000) Evaluation of saliva and artificial salivary fluids for
removal of pesticide residues from human skin. Southwest research institute, San Antonio TX
and ManTech Environmental Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC, for US EPA. National
Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/R00/041
CCME (1996) A protocol for the derivation of environmental and human health soil quality guide-
lines. Canadian council of ministers of environment. Winnipeg, MB, CCME-EPC-101E. En
108-4/8-1996E. ISBN 0-662-24344-7
CEPA (1994) Human health risk assessment for priority substances. Canadian environmental
protection act. Health Canada. ISBN 0-662-22126-5
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