Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.2 Average abundance of major and trace elements in major rock types and seawater in
parts per million (ppm)
Element
Continental crusts
Granite
Basalt
Shale
Seawater
10 4 .
O
46.4
×
-
-
-
857,000
10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
Si
28.2
×
32.3
×
24
×
23.8
×
3.0
10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
Al
8.2
×
7.7
×
8.8
×
8.0
×
0.01
10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
Fe
5.6
×
2.7
×
8.6
×
4.7
×
0.01
4.1 × 10 4
1.6 × 10 4
6.7 × 10 4
2.5 × 10 4
Ca
400
2.4 10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
Na
2.8
×
1.9
×
0.66
×
10,500
10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
×
×
×
×
Mg
2.3
0.16
4.5
1.34
1,350
10 4
10 4
10 4
10 4
K
2.1
×
3.3
×
0.83
×
2.3
×
380
Ti
5,700
2,300
9,000
4,500
0.001
H
1,400
-
-
-
108,000
P
1,050
700
1,400
770
0.07
Mn
950
400
1,500
850
0.002
F
625
850
400
500
1.3
Ba
425
600
250
580
0.03
Sr
375
285
465
450
8.0
S
260
270
250
220
885
C
200
300
100
1,000
28
Zr
165
180
150
200
-
V
135
20
250
130
0.002
Cl
130
200
60
160
19,000
Cr
100
4
200
100
0.000,05
Rb
90
150
30
140
0.12
Ni
75
0.5
150
95
0.002
Zn
70
40
100
80
0.01
5.2 × 10 6
Ce
67
87
48
50
Cu
55
10
100
57
0.003
Y
33
40
25
30
0.000,3
10 6
Nd
28
35
20
23
9.2
×
10 5
×
La
25
40
10
40
1.2
Co
25
1
48
20
0.000,1
Sc
22
5
38
10
0.000,04
Li
20
30
10
60
0.17
N
20
20
20
60
0.5
Nb
20
20
20
20
0.000,01
Ga
15
18
12
19
0.000,03
Pb
12.5
20
5
20
0.000,03
B
10
15
5
100
4.6
Th
9.6
17
2.2
11
0.000,05
1.7 × 10 6
Sm
7.3
9.4
5.3
6.5
10 6
Gd
7.3
9.4
5.3
6.5
2.4
×
10 6
×
Pr
6.5
8.3
4.6
5
2.6
10 6
Dy
5.2
6.7
3.8
4.5
2.9
×
10 6
Yb
3
3.8
2.1
3
2.0
×
Hf
3
4
2
6
-
Cs
3
5
1
5
0.000,5
10 7
×
Be
2.8
5
0.5
3
6
10 6
Er
2.8
3.8
2.1
2.5
2.4
×
 
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