Environmental Engineering Reference
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deposols
hortisols
natural soils
60
%
40
20
0
Fig. 2.3 Percentage of deposols, garden soils (Hortisols based on German nomenclature) and
natural soils according to the use in Muenster, Germany (Meuser 2007 )
system for nutrients, a system for water supply and purification, and a habitat for soil
organisms, soils serve as an engineering medium on which to base such structures
as roadbeds, building foundations, and sport parks (Brady and Weil 2008 ).
The land use type may also be decisive with respect to soil contamination.
Biasioli et al. ( 2008 ) mentioned that the concentrations of the typical anthropogeni-
cally impacted metals, copper, lead, and zinc, exhibited their highest values in
ornamental gardens and at roadsides in the city centre and residential areas, fol-
lowed by open spaces (parks) and ultimately riverbanks. This phenomenon was
found through analysis of soils in completely different European cities (Ljubljana,
Slovenia; Seville, Spain; Torino, Italy).
2.1.2 Imported Filling Materials
Soils made up of imported materials are frequently contaminated irrespective of the
kind of material deposited. Independent of the reasons for mound construction and
refilling processes it should be taken into consideration that not only natural mate-
rials have been used. To the contrary, waste products including potentially toxic
substances are generally utilised for mounds and fills, possibly for disposal of these
unwanted materials. In Table 2.1 several technogenic components are listed that
can be expected in heaps and fills (Meuser 1996 ). Technogenic material is com-
pletely artificially produced (e.g., slag), or at least anthropogenically changed or
manipulated, like coal gangue.
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