Characteristics of Natural and Urban Soils - Dealing with Contaminated Sites: From Theory Towards Practical Application - page 94

450

400

350

300

cropland, Dresden
garden soil, Dresden
cropland, Essen
garden soil, Essen

250

200

150

100

50

0

Pb Zn Cu

Fig. 2.1 Pb, Zn and Cu content (mg kg − 1 ) of garden soils compared with neighbouring cropland
sites in Essen and Dresden, Germany (Meuser and Anlauf 2007 )

Deposits

Fills

Mining heaps Natural depressions

Quarries, sediment pits

Waste landfills

Industrial excavations

Dumps

Dikes, dams, walls Bomb craters

Fig. 2.2 Overview on distinct kinds of deposits

or refilling of former depressions. Consequently, they do not have to be recognis-
ably similar to the materials in their natural source areas. Fills are associated with
former usually watery natural depressions (swamp, peat land), quarries (sandstone,
limestone et cetera), and pits (sand, clay, loam, marble), leading to a general rais-
ing of the natural ground level (Nathanail and Bardos 2004 ). Occasionally, they are
located in industrial areas, where excavation has taken place, or they are the result
from warfare such as bomb craters.