Image Processing Reference
In-Depth Information
0
-50
V
lo
X
-100
-150
-200
-250
X
lo
=U
lo
-300
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
X=U
l
(ergs/cm
2
)
(b)
-50
-60
-70
-80
V
lo
X
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
-140
V
go
=
U
go
-150
-700
-680
-660
-640
-620
-600
-580
-560
-540
-520
-500
(c)
V
g
=U
g
(volts)
FIGURE 9.5 (continued)
(b) X (U
l
)
V
1
curve for nominal V
g
(U
g
) gives slope b
21
at point
''
x.
''
(c) V
g
(
U
g
)
V
l
curve for nominal X(Ul)
l
) gives slope b
22
at point
''
x.
''
Note that we assume small deviations so we can ignore all the second and higher
order terms in Equation 9.22 so that the system equations are simple and linear [11].
The linear electrostatic system described by Equation 9.22 for the nominal operating
point is shown in block diagram form in Figure 9.6. The actuator signals before and
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