Geoscience Reference
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Figure 7.3 Photographs
of contrasting urban areas,
classified by density.
(Grimmond and Oke
2002
)
variability across a city reflects different neighborhoods, with various com-
binations of built and vegetated cover and morphometry. At the meso scale
(10
4
-10
5
m), the city is considered in its entirety, and is differentiated from its
regional surroundings, areas of forest, agriculture, etc.
Vertically the urban atmosphere can be divided into the urban canopy layer
(UCL) (which lies below the mean roof level), the urban boundary layer
(UBL) from the mean roof level (upwards), and the surface layer (approxi-
mately the lowest 10% of the boundary layer) (Figure
7.4
). The surface layer
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