Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
In addition new directions of work have ap-
peared in relation to the Fukushima-1 accident.
Lessons of each major accident at NPPs
include modification of standard bases of both
international and national. These modifications
were made after the TMI accident in the USA,
Chernobyl accident in Ukraine, and now take
place after Fukushima-1 accident in Japan. Modi-
fications are applied to both general principles of
nuclear safety and NPP I&C.
IAEA, IEC and national regulatory authori-
ties began to change the requirements on NPP
I&C after the accident at Fukushima-1 NPP. The
main directions for standards development are
the following:
to use IEEE experience and create a joint IEEE/
IEC standard. This work has started in 2012 by a
group of experts from IEEE and IEC.
Note one of the interesting subjects for research
directions- comparison of standards devoted to
safety important/ safety related systems for dif-
ferent applications (e.g. Biscollio & Fusani, 2010)
CONCLUSION
The goals of standards, that pertain to NPP I&C
systems, are:
• Establish requirements for I&C systems
that are needed to assure NPP safety.
• Make available to designers suiciently
efective methods for elaboration of I&C
systems and their components in accor-
dance with the acting requirements.
• Establish methods for checking conformity
of I&C systems with the requirements.
• Assure certain frameworks for interface
between NPP plant, diferent participants
of I&C systems development, and the reg-
ulatory body.
•
Elaboration of the concept of “hardened in-
strumentation” (sensors - in the irst turn).
•
Standard
to cover
spent
fuel pool
monitoring.
•
Standard to cover containment monitoring.
•
Standard to cover pressure transmitters
speciic to nuclear applications.
•
Standard to cover seismic instrumentation:
detection and measurement of the magni-
tude of the earthquake to help operators to
analyze the possible consequences on the
plant.
•
Establish requirements for I&C systems
operation.
•
Standard to cover boron concentration
instrumentation.
•
Establish terminology in the ield of NPP
I&C systems.
•
Standard to cover reactor pressure level
instrumentation - characteristics and test
methods.
•
Serve as a legal base in case of conlicts.
The International standard bases of Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
related to NPP I&C systems, are described in this
chapter. The IEC standard base is very advanced
and includes more than 50 standards. These bases
systematically are improved and supplemented. A
great part of new additions concerns to new safety
requirements after accident on Fukushima-1 .Of
course, the development of international standard
bases continues. The main position in IAEA stan-
dard base, related to NPP I&C, will rank IAEA
•
Standard to cover H2 instrumentation -
characteristics and test methods.
•
Standard to cover emergency response
centre.
IEC did not have its own standards devoted to
post- accident monitoring system. IEEE devel-
oped the first version of such standard after the
TMI accident on in 1981, then also in 2002 and
in 2010 revised it (IEEE, 2010). IEC decided not
to develop own new standard on this subject, but
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