Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
tion systems as well as safety systems, is used. In
these terms, OI&C system can be considered as
an English equivalent of APCS.
In the section that begins this chapter, a short
description of a controlled object required for
understanding of issues of automatic monitoring
and control of power unit technological processes
executed by the OI&C system is given. Direct
description is premised with consideration of
the modernization concept for the OI&C sys-
tem adopted in Ukraine, which has been almost
implemented at Ukrainian NPPs. The stages
of modernization of I&C systems of Ukrainian
NPPs are described. The first stage (1993-2000)
was characterized by use of systems designed by
foreign (including USA) companies. The second
stage (2001-2012) was characterized by use of
systems designed by Ukrainian companies. The
modernization strategy is analyzed in two aspects:
the strategy of operators and the strategy of I&C
designers.
Figure 1 shows graphic symbols and notation
conventions used in this and further chapters.
important systems. A basic concept of defense-
in-depth for safety assurance is implemented in
general development criteria, including use of
redundancy, diversity, independence and security.”
In 1984-1989, in Ukraine 8 power units with
В-320 reactor facilities were produced, in 1995
- one more power unit. The construction of two
power units (Khmelnitsky NPP unit 2 and Rovno
NPP unit 4) started in 1984, was stopped after
the accident at Chernobyl NPP and continued
only after 13 years. Both units were completely
constructed and commissioned in 2004. In total,
at 4 Ukrainian NPPs 13 power units with reac-
tors WWER-1000 (11 of them have serial V-320
reactor facilities) are operated. In addition, two
power units Rovno NPP units 1 and 2) with reac-
tors WWER-440 (with nominal electrical power
440 МW) are operating now. The design lifetime
of units WWER-440 (30 years) expired in 2010-
2011 and after required measured were taken,
it was extended for 20 years. Power units with
other types of nuclear reactors are not operated in
Ukraine (RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl
NPP are now decommissioned).
Russia currently operates 16 power units with
reactors WWER-1000 and WWER-440. Similar
power units are used in China, India, Finland,
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Armenia,
Bulgaria, and Iran. New power units with reac-
tors WWER in Russia, Ukraine, China, India,
and Armenia (where reactors of such types have
already been operated) and also in Belorussia,
Vietnam, Nigeria, Turkey are at different stages
of construction.
The main literature devoted to reactor facilities
of operating power units is published (in Rus-
sian) in a series of the designers' monographs
”Construction of reactor facilities WWER for
NPPs,” which include information on reactors
WWER-440 (Bessalov, 2004), WWER-1000
(Rezepov, 2004), control rod drives (Nikituk,
2004) and other equipment used in them. Differ-
ent aspects of safety assurance of nuclear power
plants are considered in the topics Nosovsky,
BACKGROUND
The designs of nuclear power units with reactors
WWER (water-cooled water-moderated power
reactors) operated at NPPs of Ukraine were devel-
oped in the 1970-s in the USSR by the Kurchatov
Institute of Atomic Energy (now - Russian Sci-
entific Center “Kurchatov Institute”), the Design
Bureau Gidropress is the Chief Designer of reactor
facilities equipped with reactors WWER.
First reactor facilities with nuclear reactors
WWER-1000 (with nominal electrical power 1000
МW) were models V-302 and V-338 (operated at
South-Ukrainian NPP units 1 and 2, respectively).
Serial (typical) model V-320 of the unit was first
implemented in Ukraine in 1984 at Zaporozhe NPP
unit 1. As it was mentioned in IAEA, 1997, “in
general, 320 design conforms to standards used
in the world practice for safety systems and safety
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