Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
• Use of more reliable and saving digital log-
ic circuits instead of logic circuits based on
contact-relay elements.
• Use of more accurate digital calculations,
implemented by universal software con-
trolled computer technology (microproces-
sors, single chip microcomputers, etc.), by
complex programmable electronic compo-
nents instead of analog computing circuits.
• Replacing analog measuring and control
devices by digital ones with improved al-
gorithms able to take consider speciic
characteristics of controlled technological
equipment.
• Operating personnel to manage manually
elements of technological equipment di-
rectly with keyboard workstations.
change between geographically distributed
individual I&C systems and/or component
parts of these systems.
INSTRUMENTATION AND
CONTROL (I&C) SYSTEMS
All systems and equipment of nuclear power plants
can be divided into two categories:
•
Technological systems and equipment,
providing transportation, storage, process-
ing of materials, generation and transfor-
mation of energy, protecting nuclear fuel,
equipment, piping from damage and from
spread of radioactive substances and ioniz-
ing radiation over the speciied boundaries.
•
Replacing analog recording and indicating
devices on consoles and control boards,
main and emergency control rooms by
more reliable, accurate and ergonomic dig-
ital devices of data display and recording,
including LCD monitors, panel computers,
laser printers, etc.
•
Instrumentation and control (I&C) sys-
tems, implementing information technolo-
gies, related to obtaining of input signals
from technological systems and equipment
and teams of operating personnel, transfer,
storage, processing of obtained informa-
tion and output of control impacts on tech-
nological systems and equipment at NPP.
•
Implementing software-hardware periph-
eral equipment (sensors, actuators) with
“microprocessor intellect,” in which spe-
ciic functions (adjustment of measurement
ranges, automatic diagnostics, calibrations,
etc.) are performed under control of pro-
grams stored in their read-only memory.
In IEC, 2008, regulating functional safety in
different technology branches (including nuclear
power engineering), a general concept “electrical
/electronic/programmable electronic system,”
defined as “system for control, protection or
monitoring based on one or more electrical/
electronic/programmable electronic (E / E / PE)
devices, including all elements of the system
such as power supplies, sensors and other input
devices data highways and other communication
paths, and actuators and other output devices,” is
used. These systems have to interact with wide
classes of equipment under control (equipment,
machinery, apparatus or plant used for manufac-
turing, process, transportation, medical or other
•
Equipping every I&C system with inbuilt
means of technical diagnostics, which pro-
vide continuous automatic monitoring of
system and their components state (includ-
ing software self-control) with a depth of
fault search to one removable component
part.
•
Implementing distributed control of tech-
nological processes and NPP equipment,
using local computer networks and iber-
optic communication lines for message ex-
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