Web-Based Decision Support for Sustainable Pest Management in Fruit Orchards: Development of the Swiss System SOPRA - Efficient Decision Support Systems: Practice and Challenges from Current to Future - page 378

Temperature
parameter

Species Implemented stages of the life cycle

Rosy apple aphid
( Dysaphis plantaginea )

Winter eggs Juveniles Adults Juveniles

(1. Gen.)

Air

Apple sawfly
( Hoplocampa
testudinea )

Hib.
pupae*

Adults Eggs Larvae Soil*

Air

Smaller fruit tortrix
( Grapholita
lobarzewskii )

Hib. larvae/
pupae (M/F)*

Adults
(M/F)

Eggs Larvae Hib. larvae

(diapause)*

Inner stem*
Air

Codling moth
( Cydia pomonella )

Hib. larvae/
pupae (M/F)*

Adults
(M/F)

Eggs
(1. Gen.)

Larvae
(1. Gen.)

Stem surface*
Air

Pupae
(1. Gen.)

Adults
(1. Gen.)

Eggs
(2. Gen.)

Larvae
(2. Gen.)

Hib. larvae
(diapause)*

Stem surface*
Air

Pear psylla
( Cacopsylla pyri )

Hib. adults
(M/F)

Eggs
(1. Gen.)

Larvae
(1. Gen.)

Air

Adults
(1. Gen.)

Eggs
(2. Gen.)

Larvae
(2. Gen.)

Air

Cherry fruit fly
( Rhagoletis cerasi )

Hib. pupae
(M/F)*

Adults
(M/F)

Eggs Larvae Hib. pupae

(diapause)*

Soil*
Air

Apple blossom weevil
( Anthonomus
pomorum )

Hib. adults
(M/F)*

Active
adults
(M/F)

Immigrated
adults
(M/F)

Eggs Larvae Soil/Air*

Air

Summer tortrix
( Adoxophyes orana )

Hib. larvae
(M/F)*

Active
larvae (M/F)

Pupae
(M/F)

Adults
(M/F)

Eggs
(1. Gen.)

Stem surface*
Air

Larvae
(1. Gen.)

Pupae
(1. Gen.)

Adults
(1. Gen.)

Eggs
(2. Gen.)

Air

Larvae
(2. Gen.)

Hib. larvae
(diapause)*

Stem surface*
Air

Table 1. Species implemented in the forecasting system SOPRA with modelled stages of the
life cycle and temperature driving the models. First table line of each species starts with the
hibernating stage (Hib.) and following lines represent subsequent generations with the same
stages below each other. F - females, M - males.

2.2 Temperature-dependent development
In SOPRA, the relationships between temperature and process rates in the single-species
models are implemented with linear or non-linear functions for each stage of the life cycle
depending on the nature of the best approximation (Fig. 3). All of those relationships for the
relevant stages of the life cycles were established in thorough individual-based laboratory
experiments under controlled conditions with a minimum of four temperature treatments
for each species. Developmental rates of the stages are mostly implemented with linear
functions (cf. Fig. 3). Non-linear functions are used for reproductive rates and survival of
adults (e.g. Graf et al., 1996; Graf et al., 1999; Graf et al., 2001a; Schaub et al., 2005; Graf et al.,
2006).