Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1 Overview of emissions sources identified in the scientific literature
8,10,14,21
Life cycle stage
Activity
Typical emissions sources
Extraction
Well construction
Combustion of fossil fuels for drilling machinery on site and transport to
site, including exploration and pilot wells. Cement, steel and drilling
mud production for wells. Land clearance.
Well stimulation
Combustion of fossil fuels for high pressure pumping of fracking fluids
and transport of water and proppant to site.
Well completion
Episodic emissions from flaring or venting of gas during flowback before
capture equipment installed at wellhead.
Workovers
Energy and materials for cleaning of wells. Methane releases during
workovers and liquid unloading.
Other point source emissions
Wellhead and gathering equipment.
Fugitive emissions
Dispersed leaks from produced-water tanks, pneumatic valves not ac-
counted for as part of other assemblies.
Water treatment
Energy for treatment and disposal of produced water.
Conclusion of production
Energy for disposal of wastes and site remediation. Leakages from
abandoned wells.
Processing
Acid gas removal
Energy consumed and GHGs released during amine recovery.
Dehydration
Combustion and venting emissions from glycol regeneration.
Fugitive emissions
Dispersed leaks from pumps and pneumatic valves not accounted for as
part of other assemblies.
Compressors
Energy consumed and GHG leakages from production compressors.
Transport
Pipeline construction
Manufacture and installation of steel piping.
Pipeline compressors
Energy consumed and methane leakages from pipeline compressors.
Pipeline fugitive emissions
Methane leakages through joints.
End use
Combustion
CO
2
and unburned methane from combustion.
