Surfactant Effects on Environmental Behavior of Pesticides - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 69

Surfactant Effects on Environmental Behavior
of Pesticides
Toshiyuki Katagi 1
I Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 71
II Surfactants in Pesticide Formulations ............................................................................. 74
A Type and Properties of Surfactant ............................................................................ 74
B Biological Effects ..................................................................................................... 79
C Environmental Behavior........................................................................................... 81
III Effects on Physicochemical Properties ........................................................................... 87
A Solubilization ........................................................................................................... 87
B Dissociation .............................................................................................................. 95
C Volatilization............................................................................................................. 97
IV Effects on Hydrolysis ...................................................................................................... 99
A Mechanism ............................................................................................................... 100
B Hydrolysis of Pesticides ........................................................................................... 102
V Effects on Photolysis....................................................................................................... 112
A Mechanism ............................................................................................................... 112
B Photolysis of Pesticides ............................................................................................ 114
VI Effects on Mobility and Biodegradation in Soil.............................................................. 121
A Adsorption and Desorption ...................................................................................... 121
B Leaching ................................................................................................................... 131
C Biodegradation ......................................................................................................... 138
VII Effects on Behavior in Plants .......................................................................................... 144
A Root Uptake.............................................................................................................. 145
B Foliar Uptake ............................................................................................................ 146
VIII Effects on Pesticide Residues.......................................................................................... 148
IX Effects on Bioconcentration ............................................................................................ 156
Summary .................................................................................................................................... 157
References .................................................................................................................................. 158
I Introduction
Pesticides having a wide variety of structures have been and are being developed to
exhibit an intended efficacy to pests, fungal diseases, and weeds, and are usually
applied as formulations to these targets in the field. Many types of formulations have