Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
January
July
b
a
12
12
9
9
6
6
3
3
0
EQ
0
20N
40N
60N
80N
EQ
20N
40N
60N
80N
-3.0E-11
-1.8E-11
PM 2.5 mass mixing ratio difference
-6.0E-12
1.8E-11
3.0E-11
6.0E-12
Fig. 3.20 Seasonal and altitude distribution of nanoparticles from aircraft in the northern hemi-
sphere [ 77 ]
Fig. 3.21 Carbon black emissions in the atmosphere and temperature variations caused by rocket
launches in space [ 79 ]
gradients [ 80 ]. Figure 3.21 shows both the variations in carbon emissions with
altitude and the variation of
the thermal gradient
in relation to the same
parameter [ 79 ].
3.3.2.2
Internal Combustion Engines
Despite the variety of internal combustion engines, most land and sea vehicles are
equipped with petrol-fuelled stark-ignition (Otto) engines or diesel oil-fuelled
compression engines. Large commercial ships are equipped with variants of diesel
engines fuelled with heavy fuel oil or even coal dust.
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