Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
total aircraft emissions
a
90N
60N
30N
EQ
180W
120W
60W
0
60E
120E
180E
Longitude [deg]
-9.00E-11
-5.00E-11
0.00E+00
5.00E-11
9.00E-11
PM2.5 Mass Mixing Ratio difference
b
c
non-LTO emissions (z > 1 km)
LTO emissions ( z <= 1 km)
90N
60N
30N
EQ
180W
120W
60W
0
60E
120E
180E
180W
120W
60W
0E
60E
120E
180E
Longitude [deg]
Longitude [deg]
Fig. 3.19 PM
2.5
emissions from jet engines of planes travelling in the northern hemisphere [
77
]
determinations shown in these figures indicate that the most densely populated
areas on the planet, with the largest number of airports and air routes, are also the
most polluted with PM
2.5
resulting either directly, from kerosene combustion, or
indirectly, from the interaction between exhaust gas constituents and the compo-
nents in Earth
s higher atmospheric layers, under the influence of solar radiation
'
[
77
,
78
].
A variation in emission concentration is also visible. Concentration varies with
seasons and the altitude where the measurements were taken. It is known that the
most frequent air routes for medium and long distances are in the troposphere, at
10,000-14,000 m (Fig.
3.20
)[
77
].
Irrespective of their engine fuel, oxidiser or structure, rocket engines used in the
present release, besides CO
2
, significant amounts of carbon black in the strato-
sphere. The large carbon black volume is caused by the incomplete fuel combus-
tion, given the low oxygen concentration in the upper atmospheric layers [
79
-
81
].
Recent models indicate that, given the current rate of 1,000 rocket launches per
year, the effect of the warming potential caused by finely divided carbon particles—
carbon black—is about 100,000 higher than the effect of CO
2
emissions. Although
carbon nanoparticles do not always react with stratospheric ozone, through the solar
radiation protection effect, they contribute to ozone depletion [
79
,
81
]. Since
carbon black absorbs radiation in the visible spectre and remains in the upper
atmosphere for 5-10 years, its effects can lead, in the same period of time, to a
temperature increase of 1 K at the two poles, causing changes in the pressure
