Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
5000
4500
1,6
Fe
1,4
Si
BaP
4000
1,2
3500
3000
1,0
2500
0,8
2000
0,6
1500
0,4
1000
0,2
500
0
0,0
Fig. 3.14 Variation of iron and silicon concentration in PM in the Apulia (Italy) steel plant [ 52 ]
Consequently, fertilisers, pigments and pesticide production will be dealt with in
short, as these are the most representative sub-branches that produce chemical dust
particles.
A case of global investigation of pollutants generated on an industrial platform
in South-Western Spain reveals the interaction between many metallic ions released
from steel or other metallurgic plants with various constituents released in the
atmosphere during phosphate rock processing under the form of NPK fertilisers
or by road transport [ 54 ].
In a large NP (ammonium phosphate) fertiliser plant in India, air quality
monitoring revealed PM 2.5 particles between 13 and 38
g/Nm 3 , values that are
μ
within the allowed local range (Table 3.9 )[ 53 ].
Nanoparticles generated in pesticide production and large-scale uses in agriculture
are harmful to man
s health and the biosphere. Consequently, studies were conducted
on their travel distance in air under the influence of environmental factors, their effect
as nanoparticles or VOC in the atmosphere expressed as half-life [ 41 ].
The dyes and pigments industry releases fine inorganic or organic dust in the air
[ 55 - 57 ]. Inorganic pigments are based on heavy metal salts whose ions have
characteristic colours. Dyes that contain such pigments are mostly mixtures of
pigments and siccative oils or other organic substances that can form polymerisable
films. The most common ions found in inorganic pigments are chrome, nickel, iron,
cobalt, lead, zinc and arsenic ions; as a result, the released nanometric dust is
extremely dangerous [ 55 ].
A federal monograph of American industrial sources of nanoparticles highlights
the annual PM concentrations, including inorganic pigments, and recommends
measures to limit them these concentrations (see for example Table 3.10 )[ 56 ].
As a rule, organic pigments are functional derivatives with chromofore groups
that ensure the coloured perception of these substances by the human eye. Most of
them (anilins, azoic derivatives, microdispersed pigments) are toxic and cause
cancer. It has been proved that those pigments that are to be eliminated from current
surface protection processes belong to the polychlorinated biphenyls class whose
'
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