Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.1 (continued)
Particulate matter
10
m
<
μ
Annual
emissions
(tonnes/year)
Proportion of annual
anthropogenic
emissions (%)
Source
Group
Cumulative
(%)
Source Type
Off-Road
Mobile
Commercial ships
14
0.7
93.6
Industrial
Coal mining
14
0.6
94.2
All
Other
126
5.8
100.0
Non-Urban
Industrial
Coal mining
4,056
30.1
30.1
Off-Road
Mobile
Industrial off-road
vehicles and
equipment
3,727
27.6
57.7
Industrial
Generation of electri-
cal power from coal
1,708
12.7
70.3
Domestic-
Commercial
Solid fuel combustion
855
6.3
76.7
Industrial
Other land-based
extraction
368
2.7
79.4
Industrial
Hard-rock gravel
quarrying
360
2.7
82.1
Commercial
Poultry farming (meat)
272
2.0
84.1
Off-Road
Mobile
Commercial off-road
vehicles and
equipment
261
1.9
86.0
On-Road
Mobile
Exhaust emissions
heavy duty commer-
cial—diesel
228
1.7
87.7
Industrial
Primary aluminium
production
202
1.5
89.2
All
Other
1,456
10.8
100.0
On the long run, countries rich in mineral deposits (see Fig.
3.1
) accumulate the
largest number of waste heaps and consequently release the largest amounts of
nanoparticles in the atmosphere. The most vulnerable are the underdeveloped
countries where ore is extracted with obsolete technology and old tools [
13
].
3.2.1 Fossil Fuel Exploitation
Regardless of their nature, fossil fuels can be exploited on the surface, in quarries or
through underground extraction. High carbon concentrations (anthracite, pit coal)
in fossil deposits require exploitation at considerable depth [
14
,
15
].
