Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
effect of size and surface characteristics of the nanoparticles on plasma binding
[
86
]. The size of nanoparticles defined the relative surface area and topological
space for the binding of plasma proteins, while different chemical modifications on
the nanoparticle surface presented significant surface property changes of charge
and/or hydrophobicity. The nanoparticles with different sizes and surface modifi-
cations resulted in significant changes in the relative abundances of the nanoparticle
bound proteins. Clustering analysis revealed that the surface chemical properties
and particle size together played a significant role in the protein-nanoparticle
interaction, and the surface property appeared to be more impactful on the protein
absorption than did the particle size. The size separation is reported for synthetic
(co)polymers, gold nanoparticles and nanoparticles [
87
].
15.3.6 Vaccine Developments
The 2D-PAGE technique in combination with Western blotting has been success-
fully applied in the discovery of antigens from
H. pylori
,
C. trachomatis
and
B. garinii
. Two-dimensional semi-preparative electrophoresis has provided com-
plementary information regarding membrane protein expression in a strain of
H. pylori
. Through two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spec-
trometry, the most comprehensive information to date regarding protein expression
in yeast was obtained. This technique is an important tool in vaccinology [
88
].
Proteomics complements genomics by offering abilities to rapidly identify the
products of predicted genes, e.g. proteins in outer membrane preparations. The
application of proteomics for identification of vaccine candidates for bacterium,
H. pylori
using two different approaches is described [
89
,
90
]. The first involves
rapid identification of a series of monoclonal antibody reactive proteins from
N-terminal sequence tags. The other approach involves identification of proteins
in outer membrane preparations by 2-D electrophoresis followed by trypsin diges-
tion and peptide mass map analysis. Advanced proteomic technologies are cur-
rently employed to facilitate identification of changes in proteome accompanying
tumorigenesis. Mapping of the protein and peptide spectra and comparison of
proteomic profiles between tumorous and adjacent nontumorous tissue samples
are currently implemented in the search for novel biomarkers with improved
specificities for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring [
91
].
15.3.7 Toxicity Determination Tool
Use of stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based
quantitative proteomics to characterise the binding of human cellular proteins to
two forms of carbon nanoparticles: namely multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) and carbon black (CB) [
92
]. The data showed MWCNTs and CB
