Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
multicenter phase II clinical trial in immune-compromised adult aHSCRs with
granulocytopenia and refractory fever [
84
,
91
]. Liposome encapsulated therapeutic
AmBisome (Gilead Sciences Ltd) has been clinically approved over AmB to
overcome the associated side effects like infusion-related reactions and nephrotox-
icity on chronic usage of AmB. The increased uptake of AmB-loaded liposomes
by the RE system is noted for the small size and negative charge of the
liposomes [
91
].
The clinical trial of the usage of DepoFoam bupivacaine compared to conven-
tional bupivacaine in randomized, controlled, double-blind trials in patients used in
therapeutic doses was well tolerated, had a higher safety margin, and showed a
favorable safety profile in postoperative pain control [
92
].
The acute toxicity and chronic toxicity trials of DOX-Hydrochloride
Nanoliposome (DHNP) prepared by ethanol injection-pH gradient method pos-
sesses the advantage of uniform distribution size, high encapsulation efficiency,
big drug loading rate, and its toxicity is lower than free DOX [
93
].
9.1.7 Risks and Safety Issues
Liposomes formulated in aqueous solution generally face physical and chemical
instabilities after long-term storage. Other common causes of liposome instabilities
are hydrolysis and oxidation of phospholipids and liposome aggregation. Lyophi-
lization, freezing, and spraying drying are the many methods developed for the
stabilization of liposomes.
AL into CS/DNA complexes, AL/CS/DNA can efficiently deliver the anticaries
DNA vaccine pGJA-P/VAX into nasal mucosa with longer term mucosal immunity
and with minimal cytotoxicity [
9
].
The antifungal prophylaxis by intravenous LAmB in pediatric patients
undergoing aHSCT has much lower potassium than normal values and higher
nephrotoxicity. The drug-related side effects of LAmB in patients treated were
aggravated by increased need for oral supplementation with potassium, sodium
bicarbonate, and calcium upon discharge in immunocompromised pediatric
patients, who underwent high-dose chemotherapy and HSCT [
91
].
The CLP agent IBAfect-mediated in vitro gene delivery to over-express chemo-
kine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1
/CXCL12 and its receptor CXC chemo-
kine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a safe,
nonviral, and efficient technique. It has great potential for improving the transfec-
tion efficiency of homing/engraftment and retention of HSPCs in the bone marrow
for HSPC transplantation and gene therapy protocols for leukemia. In parallel,
commercially available CLP (Lipofectamine 2000 and DOTAP), failed to deliver
the CXCR4 gene into cells under the same conditions and has lesser efficiency [
85
].
The treatment of hybrid liposomes (HL), i.e., HL23 (DMPC/10 mol%C (12)
(EO)(23)), could selectively eliminate the transformed hepatic stem cells using
hepatoblast. The transformed cells in turn would have produced abnormal
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