Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Conventional chemotherapy may efficiently kill the differentiated drug sensitive
breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), but not the multidrug resistance (MDR) self-
renewable BCSCs, leading to enrichment of the MDR-BCSCs. BCSCs play critical
roles in self-renewal, differentiation, and generation of secondary tumors. BCSCs
have high rate of uninhibited clathrin-independent and caveolin-independent endo-
cytosis than the differentiated BC cells and thus open the possibilities for delivering
therapeutic agents directly into the MDR-BCSCs
through aptamer-coated
liposomes [
83
].
Intravenous LAmB, the antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric patients undergoing
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was less efficient than Caspofungin
(CAS), a broad-spectrum echinocandin, with lower nephrotoxicity than LAmB.
LAmB treatment lowers potassium levels below normal values in patients and had
more drug-related side effects [
84
].
The efficacy, homing/engraftment, and retention of bone marrow hematopoietic
stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplantation and gene therapy protocols were
increased by safer and nonviral transfection of CXC chemokine receptor
4 (CXCR4) on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) by using the CLP
agent IBAfect. IBAfect is a better therapeutic agent than commercially available
Lipofectamine 2000 and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)
liposomes [
85
].
To realize the safer quality control of regenerative medicine, hybrid
liposomes (HL), HL23 (DMPC/10 mol%C(12)(EO)(23)) was used to selectively
eliminate transformed hepatic stem cells, the forerunner of neoplastic cell trans-
formation for
future reduction of
the risk of
tumorigenesis after
the cell
transplantation [
86
].
The administration of clodronate-loaded liposomes recapitulated the loss of
endosteal osteoblasts due to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobi-
lization. G-CSF mobilization suppresses endosteal bone formation and decreases
expression of factors required for HSCs retention and self-renewal [
87
].
The safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination therapy of LAmB and CAS
were same as compared to individual monotherapy when investigated in adult
allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients (aHSCRs) with granulocytopenia
and refractory fever [
84
].
9.1.6 Liposomal Nanomedicine: Preclinical
and Clinical Studies
In clinical and preclinical studies, liposomes improved pharmacokinetics and
biodistribution of therapeutic drugs as compared to conventional drug formulations
and thus minimize cytotoxicity by their accumulation at the target tissue [
5
-
7
].
At present, there are about 12 liposome-based drugs approved for clinical use
and more drugs were undergoing various stages of clinical trials. For intravenous
application, Doxil and Myocet
(GPPharm, Barcelona, Spain) were approved;
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