Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Tea polyphenols, with biological functions reveal instability in oxygen and
alkaline environments. Dynamic high-pressure micro-fluidization technique is
used to prepare tea polyphenol nanoliposome (TPN) for effective delivery of tea
polyphenols. TPN with higher entrapment efficiency, antioxidant activities, good
sustained release property, and improved stability in alkaline solution, proved a
better option for delivery of tea polyphenols [
27
].
Targeting of Toll-like receptor (TLR), TLR7 ligand, imiquimod, in the interior,
and the TLR4 ligand, GLA, into the lipid bilayer of an anionic liposomal formu-
lation synergistically trigger Th1 biased immunological responses in human. This
finds importance in treatment that needs Th1-based responses where both TLR4 and
TLR7 ligands would be coadministered with vaccine antigens [
28
].
The better targeting of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) for cancer treatment is
effective by encapsulating curcumin in a nanoliposome to increase its absorption,
bioavailability, and in vitro cytotoxicity effects. Salmon
s lecithin liposome as
compared to rapeseed and soya lecithins liposomes has also improved curcumin
bioavailability [
29
,
30
].
The efficient delivery of cinnamic acid in salmon lecithin nanoliposomes
increases its entrapment efficiency, membrane permeability, electrophoretic mobil-
ity, elasticity, and membrane fluidity and thus shows promises as a better active
therapeutic molecule delivery system [
31
].
'
9.1.3 Nanoliposomes as Vaccines
The integration of viral membrane proteins or peptide antigens into liposomes has
the potential to evoke both cell mediated and humoral immune responses. These
liposomes generate solid and durable immunity against the pathogen. The
reconstituted viral liposomes, virosomes, have no viral genetic information and
thus incapable of replication or cause infection and thus offers promises in prepa-
ration of vaccines. The lipid layers of virosomes, composed of DOPE and dioleoyl
phosphatidyl Choline (DOPC) are used to mimic viral membrane for effective
vaccine delivery. The virosome-based antigen delivery system for commercial
applications uses both Epaxal and Inflexal V as vaccine products [
5
-
7
,
9
].
Self-replicating RNA sequences have been utilized for correcting the aberrant
function of the disease-causing gene and finds tremendous application in the
vaccine technology. However, to function efficiently within the host body, delivery
systems for such RNA replicons need to ensure their protection from nucleases,
digestion by lysosomal enzymes on being internalized by receptor-mediated endo-
cytosis, systemic circulation, therefore being safe and tolerated, even after multiple
administrations. Lipid-based liposomal delivery devices are being designed for
successful and effective delivery of such RNA molecules [
32
].
AL complexes with CS/DNA can efficiently deliver the anticaries DNA vaccine
pGJA-P/VAX into nasal mucosa for efficient elicitation of mucosal immunity by
inducing production of higher level of secretory IgA. This nanoliposome used for
