Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 23.8 Fare elasticities compared with service elasticities
Location
Fare elasticity
Service
elasticity
Service measure
used
Atlanta (1970
-
1972)
−
0.15 to
−
0.20
+0.30
Bus miles
San Diego
—
all routes (1972
1975)
0.51
+0.85
Bus miles
-
−
17 US Transit Operators
(1960
(De
fl
ated)
+0.76
Bus miles/capita
1970)
0.48
-
−
12 British Bus Operators
(1960
-
1973)
−
0.31
+0.62
Bus miles
30 British Towns (pre-1977)
work trips
0.19
+0.58
Bus miles/capita
−
non-work trips
−
0.49
+0.76
Bus miles/capita
11 Spanish Towns/Cities
(1980
-
1988)
(Deflated)
Range (short term)
0.16 to
0.44
+0.34 to +1.26
Bus kilometers
−
−
Average (short term)
0.30
+0.71
Bus kilometers
−
(
Source
Reference [
15
], pp 10
-
12. Table 10.6)
Table 23.9 Typical arc elasticities for a range of transit service indicators and typical applications
Transit service
indications
Travel time
Bus/train miles
Transit frequency
Typical application
New routes faster
service
Service
expansion
More frequent service
on existing routes
Likely range
0.3 to 0.5
0.4
1.3
0.13
0.5
−
-
-
Typical value
−
0.4
0.9
0.4
(
Source
Reference [
16
], Page 3
19, Exhibit 3-19. And Ref. [
15
], pp 10-9, Table 10.3.)
-
23.7.1 Reducing VMT Through Land Use
and Transportation Strategies
The two basic
development objectives are to (1) make cities livable,
and (2) preserve open spaces in the countryside adjacent to cities. While it is
sometimes dif
“
smart growth
”
cult to improve the built environment in cities, creative transporta-
tion and land use strategies can be applied to the exurban environment.
Coordinated approaches to land development and transportation are essential to
manage congestion. Transportation and development agencies should work toge-
ther in achieving this effect. It is imperative to anticipate the effects of new trans-
portation facilities on development, and also the effects of new developments on
transportation performance. Possible actions that can improve both livability and
reduce congestion include the following:
