Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
But where employee parking fees were implemented
jointly
with transit
enhancements, vehicle trip reductions increased to 35.3 %
Where employee parking fees were implemented without transportation services
enhancements, vehicle trips were reduced by 18.2 %
A number of employers from the 82-program sample achieved substantial
vehicle trip reductions. A sample of sixteen transportation service programs is
summarized in Table
21.3
. The programs are listed according to
type of trans-
portation services
provided (transit, vanpool, company vehicles); type of parking
policies
(restricted, priced, HOV discounts);
financial incentives
(transit subsidy,
carpool subsidy, travel allowance, other monetary); and
level of support
(high,
medium, low). They show vehicle use reductions ranging from 13 to 62 %.
21.2.3 Effect of Financial Incentives on Single Occupancy
Vehicles (SOV) Commuters
Some employers provided
financial incentives (e.g. parking charges or alternative
mode travel allowances) to their employees to reduce single occupancy vehicle
(SOV) use and encourage greater use of higher occupancy vehicles in commuting,
with increasing financial incentives (Fig.
21.1
).
21.3 Alternative Work Arrangements
21.3.1 Introduction
Alternative work arrangements modify the times when travel takes place and/or the
frequency of travel. They have their origin in the staggered hour programs operated
at large defense plants during World War II. They began with the need to reduce
congestion on public transit systems by spreading peak hour travel demands; they
have since also addressed automobile travel demand. Alternative work hours are
generally found in large cities and involve the participation of large employers.
Work schedule changes to reduce the amount of work-related peak period travel
can be accomplished in several ways.
Staggered Hours
staggering up or rearranging employee starting and quitting
times to distribute arrivals and departures on the shoulders of the peak hour
—
FlexibleWork Hours
starting and quitting times can be adjusted at the discretion
of employees provided that they work the required number of hours each day.
Usually employees are required to be at work during speci
—
c periods each day
—
Compressed Work Week
the work week is reduced to four days and the
number of hours each day is increased
