Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
19.3.2.2 International Applications
Examples of congestion pricing in cities outside the United States are shown in
Table
19.4
.
The general bene
ts produced from congestion priced facilities include:
Faster travel and more predictable travel times
Increased vehicle throughput
Reduced fuel consumption and emissions
Increased revenues for transportation improvements.
The Stockholm, London, and Singapore examples apply pricing on a cordon
surrounding the central area to reduce congestion.
Key
findings include:
Purpose
The primary purpose for implementing congestion pricing in each city was to
“
manage congestion
”
The secondary purpose was to promote transit and protect the environment
(Stockholm and London).
Type of Pricing
Stockholm applies a congestion tax (that varies by time of day) per crossing of
cordon line into and out of city center
Singapore applies cordon and expressway pricing by time of day and vehicle
class
London applies area pricing in central London at a daily
fl
at rate of 8 pounds
from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Measured Impacts
Stockholm reported a 20 % reduction in traf
c congestion in the city center, and
up to 14 % reduction in emissions (10)
London reported a 26 % reduction in vehicle trips in 4 years following
implementation in 2002(9)
Singapore
'
s variable price achieves traf
c speed targets of 45
65 km/h on
-
expressways and 20
25 km/h on arterials.
-
Distribution of Net Revenues
In Stockholm net revenues are used to invest in transit and new roads
In London 80 % of net revenues are used for transit and 20 % are used to
improve other forms of transportation
In Singapore the net revenues are returned to vehicle owners through tax rebates
—
heavy investments from general funds are made in transit and highway
investments.
