Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 10.1 Factors impacting traveler mobility
[
1
6
]. Time is a
finite resource, and it is allocated to various activities in
finite
-
amounts in accordance with the individual
'
s physiological, social, educational, and
economic needs.
Zahavi [
1
] in his pioneering study of travel by car, found that average daily auto
travel time is stable in all urban areas, with a slight tendency to increase with the
size of the urban area
Reno et al. [
2
], found that the average time spent by persons who drove private
vehicles on their travel day was within a very narrow range (69
74 min) and it
-
was independent of the size of urban area (see Fig.
10.1
)
In the New York Metropolitan area [
3
], the average time spent in travel was
reported as 77 min/day
Hanson and Giuliano [
4
] report the results of a study by Hupkes [
6
] who found
that the time spent for travel by all modes of transportation is nearly constant
over time
although shifts occur
over time in the modes used (walking, biking, busing, driving), a remarkable
stability in the overall number of trips and in total hours devoted to travel was
documented
—
from decade to decade. It was reported that
“
”
Within these aggregated values, however, not all travelers have the same travel
time budgets. Garrison and Levinson [
5
] reported that for the Washington, DC
metropolitan area, adults (age 18
-
65) have higher travel time budgets, and
employed adults spend more time traveling than those who are not employed.
And women spend less time traveling than men
