Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 2.8 Micrographs of
untreated sand (a) and sand
treated with iron-based
biogrout (b) or calcium-based
biogrout (c)
2011 ), applications of composite micro- and nano-materials can also be useful to
increase strength and ductility of biocement. Theoretically, ductile biocement
could be made as a bioinspired material (Pacheco-Torgal and Labrincha 2013b ),
with the 3D-composite structure of hierarchically arranged nano- and micrometric
units (Imai and Oaki 2010 ), or just simply with the layers or inclusions, where
inorganic crystals of calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite, vaterate), calcium
phosphate (hydroxyapatite), oxides of Si and Fe and others create the hardness and
the organic components such as proteins and polysaccharides ensure flexibility of
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