Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.2 (continued)
Admixture
Chemical type
Biotechnological process
Function, applications and dosage
Estimated
price (US$)
Admixture to portland cement, self-leveling grouts, fresh or
saltwater oil well cement slurries, microfine cements
improving flow resistance (rheology-modified additive)
Pullulan
Polysaccharide
Biosynthesis by fungi
Auerobasidium pullulans
Viscosifier (thickener), set retarder for self-consolidated
concrete
5000-20000
Sewage
sludge
Mixture of
biopolymers
Waste biomass of municipal
wastewater treatment plants
Viscosifier (thickener), set retarder for self-consolidated
concrete
0
Production of sintered light-weight aggregated for
nonstructural concrete (clay:sewage sludge ratio is from 1:1
to 1:3 by mass)
Co-combustion of sewage sludge in cement manufacturing
(5 % of the clinker production capacity)
Sewage
sludge ash
Ash after
incineration of
sewage sludge
Waste of incineration plants
Increase of compressive strength of the mortars due to
pozzolanic properties of sewage sludge ash
0
Bacterial cell
walls
Structural
polysaccharides
and proteins
Aerobic cultivation of bacteria
Bacillus subtilis; could be
produced from sewage sludge
Microstructured filler for concrete increasing compressive
strengths of concrete by 15 % and decreasing its porosity;
0.03-3.3 % by mass
2,000-10,000
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