Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
• bioaggregation of soil or particles is a process to increase size of the fine
particles so that water and wind soil erosions, sand movement, as well as dust
emission will be reduced (Bang et al. 2011 ; Stabnikov et al. 2013a );
• biocrusting of soil surface is a process to form mineral or organic crust onto
soil surface so that that erosion, dust emission, and water infiltration will be
reduced (Stabnikov et al. 2011 ; Chu et al. 2012a );
• biocoating of solid surface is a process to form a layer on solid surface so that
aesthetics or colonization of surface will be enhanced;
• bioclogging of soil or porous matrix is a process to fill in the pores and
channels in soil/matrix so that hydraulic conductivity of soil or porous matrix
will be significantly reduced (Ivanov et al. 2012 );
• biocementation of soil or particles is a process to increase significantly strength
of soil or particles (Ghosh et al. 2005 ; Mitchell and Santamarina 2005 ; Whiffin
et al. 2007 ; Ivanov and Chu 2008 ; De Muynck et al. 2008a , b , 2010 , 2012 ;
Sarda et al. 2009 ; van der Ruyt and van der Zon 2009 ; Achal et al. 2010 ;
Ivanov 2010 ; Van Tittelboom et al. 2010 ; Dosier 2013 ; Chu et al. 2012a ;
2014;DeJong et al. 2010 , 2013 ; van Paassen et al. 2010 ; Harkes et al. 2010 ;
Dhami et al. 2012 ; Li and Qu 2012 ; Raut et al. 2014 );
• biodesaturation of soil is a process to decrease saturation and liquefaction
potential of soil through biogas production in situ (Chu et al. 2009a , 2013b ;He
et al. 2013 ; Rebata-Landa and Santamarina 2012 );
• bioencapsulation of clay/soil/particles is a process to increase strength of soft
clayey soil through the formation of strong shell around a piece of soft material
(Ivanov et al. 2014 );
• bioremediation of soil is a process to remove pollutants from soil or immo-
bilize pollutant in soil before construction (Warren et al. 2001 ; Fujita et al.
2004 ; Mitchell and Ferris 2005 ).
Classification of construction biotechnologies by the results of their applica-
tions is illustrated in Fig. 2.2 .
Any biotechnology for the production of construction materials includes three
major stages:
(1)
upstream processes such as preparation of medium, equipment, and microbial
inoculum (seeds);
(2)
core process such as cultivation of microorganisms;
(3)
downstream processes such as concentration of biomass or microbial product,
its drying, packing, washing of the equipment, treatment or disposal of
wastes.
The example can be the biotechnology for the production of calcium- and urea-
based biocement (Figs. 2.3 , 2.4 ).
All these processes should be monitored and controlled to ensure efficiency of
the processes.
Any biotechnological application of microorganisms in construction process
also includes three major stages:
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