Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 6.13 Examples of green facades (rooted into the ground) left photo Dordrecht (The
Netherlands), right photo Frederikshaven (Denmark)
Fig. 6.14 Left indirect greening system based on climbing plants attached to the façade in
planter boxes. Right planterboxes system filled with small shrubs
must be considered, several layers are involved, and there are more supporting
materials, and control of water and nutrients must be carried out. Living wall
systems in fact are often very expensive, energy consuming, and difficult to
maintain (Ottelé et al.
2011a
,
b
). Furthermore, it is also important to take also the
durability aspects of the systems into account. The durability of living wall
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