Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
5. organisms
4. tissues/organs
3. organelles /cells
2. proteins
1. genes
A: genetic
determinism
5. organisms
4. organs (anomeomere parts)
3. tissues (homeomere parts)
2. earth/air/water/fire
1. moistness/dryness/heat/cold
B: Aristotle's model
7. environment
6. organism
5. tissue
4. cytoplasm
3. nucleus
2. chromosome
1. gene
C: Weiss' model
6. social groups
5. multicellular organisms
4. cells
3. molecules
2. atoms
1. elementary particles
D: Oppenheim and
Putnam's model
divinity
mind
5. human beings
4. animals
3. plants
2. molecules
1. atoms
life
matter
space nisus time
F: Alexander's pyramid
E: Morgan's model
F
IGURE
11. Indetermination of the layered model of the world.
Six variations of
the model are shown from a huge number of illustrations.
A:
Genetic determinism
according to the molecular biologist Monod (1970).
B:
Ontogenesis according to
the philosopher biologist Aristotle (see chapter 7 ยง7.2).
C:
The model of the
embryologist Weiss (1973).
D:
The model of the philosophers Oppenheim and
Putnam (according to Kim, 2002).
E:
The model of the philosopher psychologist
Morgan (according to Kim, 2002).
F:
The model of the philosopher Alexander
(1920). The first three of these models concern biology and the other three are gen-
eral systems. They show all the differences reflecting their authors' specialities and
research subjects. If the layered model of the world is of objective value, only one
should exist. Which should be chosen?
For both theories the levels express universal typological realities
corresponding to structures and fundamental modes of organisa-
tion. They are, in a way, a framework on which the world rests and
out of which the diversity of individual things blossoms forth. The
universal Molecule forms its own identity in concrete terms by
