Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 5 Solar and wind
deployment in US and EU
When we consider RD&D (Fig. 6 ), we do see a small increasing trend after 2005
that slightly echoes the increase in patenting. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the
patenting
gures, RD&D in solar is greater than in wind, lending support to a
notion that connects RD&D spending with actual innovation.
Finally, as an alternative measure of the relative progress individual countries
made in making solar panels and wind turbines produced in their county compet-
itive on the global market, we use the revealed comparative advantage (RCA). In
order to obtain an interpretable measure with a known distribution we use the
ranking of the RCA-score for each country compared to our sample. To ensure the
intuitive
'
'
, we invert the ranking, so that the worst country gets a 1
and the best country gets a score equal to the number of countries (28). To give an
example, the US was a
more is better
performer in exporting solar panels
in the 1990s (inverse ranking score below 20), it became one of the most successful
solar exporters in the early 2001
'
slightly above average
'
2002 (inverse ranking above 20) before it started
to constantly lose competitive edge in solar exports until 2011 (inverse ranking 12)
(Fig. 7 ).
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