Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2 Total capital costs (2012) renewable technologies
Wind
Onshore OECD
1,800
2,200
-
Onshore China/India
925
-
1,470
Offshore
4,000
4,500
-
PV
Ground-mounted utility-scale
1,720
-
2,160
(c-Si; China, India, Germany)
Residential roof-top
3,100
3,400
-
(China, California, Italy)
CSP
Parabolic-trough.
No-storage
OECD
4,600
-
8,200
Developing
3,500
4,000
-
6 h. storage OECD
7,100
9,800
-
Solar tower 6
-
15 h. storage
6,300
-
10,500
Biomass
Co-ring
140
850
-
Stoker-boilers
Developing
660
-
1,860
OECD
1,880
4,260
-
Gasication
2,140
5,700
-
CHP
3,700
-
6,800
Geothermal
Condensing ash
2,000
4,000
-
Binary cycle
2,440
-
5,900
Hydro
Large
1,050
4,200 (7,600?)
-
(additions)
500
-
1,000
Small
1,300
-
5,000 (8,000?)
Develp.
500 (min.)
Costs quoted as USD/kW
Costs include equipment and installation costs
Values in parenthesis are for some extreme obs
Although the technology itself dates back to the beginnings of the twentieth
century in Egypt, it has only been deployed at market sizes fairly recently, and has
focused mainly on the PTC system. The solar tower system and storage capabilities
have only recently been added, although most new installations are of this type, i.e.
solar tower with storage. This is because of their higher ef
ciency levels achieved
and dispatchability. As for cost prospects, it is dif
cult to make precise forecasts
based on estimated past learning rates, since there are no suf
ciently long historical
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