Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 5 Inducement effect of alternative policy instruments on total patents
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Stock of
GERD
0.56***
0.54***
0.59***
0.52***
0.63***
0.66***
(8.79)
(8.05)
(9.27)
(8.07)
(9.97)
(9.84)
Price-tax
bundle
0.20**
0.18**
0.18**
0.17**
0.15*
0.12
(2.43)
(2.02)
(2.12)
(2.05)
(1.69)
(1.29)
Energy
intensity
interacted
with nuclear
production
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.12
−
−
−
−
−
−
(
0.20)
(
0.23)
(
1.01)
(
0.51)
(
1.19)
(
1.62)
−
−
−
−
−
−
Stock of EE
policy
0.26***
(6.93)
—
economic
instruments
Stock of EE
policy
0.25***
(6.15)
—
information
and
education
Stock of EE
policy
—
policy
support
0.21***
(4.59)
Stock of EE
policy
—
regulatory
instruments
0.25***
(7.12)
Stock of EE
policy
—
RD&D
0.20***
(3.73)
Stock of EE
policy
0.15
(1.50)
—
voluntary
approaches
Constant
6.39***
6.13***
6.90***
5.89***
7.57***
8.07***
−
−
−
−
−
−
(
−
6.76)
(
−
6.18)
(
−
7.30)
(
−
6.14)
(
−
8.10)
(
−
8.09)
N
317.00
317.00
317.00
317.00
317.00
317.00
chi2
261.32
237.14
220.22
268.11
196.40
161.15
t
statistics in parentheses; *
p
< 0.1, **
p
< 0.05, ***
p
< 0.01
contribution of information and education policies, which include energy labelling
and performance codes for all three sectors considered.
Moreover, not only regulatory instruments such as codes, performance standards
and other mandatory requirements but also monitoring activities, public research
programmes and demonstration projects provide good stimuli for the growth of EE
technologies and their impacts probably operate jointly in enriching the heteroge-
neity of the policy mix and hence the overall policy-inducement effect.
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