Policy Inducement Effects in Energy Efficiency Technologies. An Empirical Analysis of the Residential Sector - Green Energy and Efficiency: An Economic Perspective - page 211

Country-level analysis shows that the EU-15 group of countries have imple-
mented the largest number of residential-related EE public regulations. This is
particularly evident since the mid-2000s, with 81 new policies. The crucial years
are 2006, 2007 and 2008, with 27, 19 and 19 new policy interventions, respectively.
The US maintains a consistently high level of implementation of regulation from
the 1970s to the mid-2000s, with major increases in 2008 and 2009. By contrast,
implementation of regulations in Japan peaked in the period 1995 2000, slowed

down in the early 2000s and picked up again in 2006. As stressed above, these
trends are also characterised by signi

-

c policy mixes. All the
countries analysed have shifted over time to higher levels of heterogeneity in their
policies, increasingly implementing both multi-target and multi-instrument policies.
This is particularly evident for the EU and the US, which employ the highest
number of policy instruments in all the policy target areas analysed (see Fig. 9 ).
In the econometric model we shape the institutional framework by building a
discrete variable as the stock of EE policies, calculated as the cumulative number of
policy instruments in force at time t in country i , as follows:

cant changes in speci

X

t

KPOL it ¼ POL is ð 3 Þ

s ¼ 1

dividing by six policy instrument types and three policy sub-domains as speci ed in

Tables 1 and 2 . This modelling choice allows us to consider for each year the

Fig. 9 Country-specic policy activity, per type and target sub-domains (1990 - 2010). Source

own work based on IEIEA [ 37 ]