Policy Inducement Effects in Energy Efficiency Technologies. An Empirical Analysis of the Residential Sector - Green Energy and Efficiency: An Economic Perspective - page 209

Fig. 6 First implementation of residential-related EE policies in 23 OECD countries by type.
Source own work based on IEA [ 37 ]

tools, research, development and deployment (RD&D) instruments and voluntary
approaches however, with the exception of the US (where they were all imple-
mented in the 1970s) and Denmark (which implemented policy support instruments
during the 1980s) were rst implemented only during the 2000s. Since the mid-

2000s, the entire package of residential-related EE policy types has been in force in
most of the countries analysed. As a result, the level of policy heterogeneity has
increased signi

cantly.
Figure 7 plots the level of each of the six policy types implemented over the
period from 1990 to 2010. Regulatory instruments, information and education and
economic instruments are the most widely used policy types. However, the
implementation of policy support tools, RD&D instruments and voluntary
approaches increases considerably from the mid-2000s onward. As mentioned
above, all six policy types have signi cantly and persistently increased since the

mid-2000s and have been implemented simultaneously in almost all the countries
analysed. Indeed, the number of multi-instrument policies has recently increased
greatly in the OECD area. The same consideration is also evident with respect to
residential-related EE targets, which have shown continuous growth and increasing
co-occurrence in recent years (see Fig. 8 ).