Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6 Residential demand for natural gas
Explanatory variables
(a) Explained variable:
ln (natural gas
consumption)
(b) Explained variable:
1 if household uses
natural gas. 0
otherwise.
Coef.
p-value
Coef.
p-value
ln (natural gas price)
1.094**
(0.035)
0.440
(0.501)
−
−
ln (electricity price)
0.704
(0.546)
−
1.250
(0.293)
Household size (pers)
0.038
(0.528)
0.047
(0.474)
−
Household head female
0.106
(0.389)
0.125
(0.377)
−
Household head retired
−
0.148
(0.394)
0.036
(0.847)
Household head w/secondary education
0.160
(0.315)
0.099
(0.590)
−
Household head w/higher education
0.106
(0.527)
0.066
(0.747)
ln (surface area of dwelling)
1.342***
(0.000)
−
0.944***
(0.001)
Number of rooms
−
0.113*
(0.057)
0.123**
(0.046)
Rented dwelling
0.209
(0.384)
0.865***
(0.000)
−
Income
€
1,500
2,500/month
-
0.322**
(0.047)
0.299*
(0.068)
−
Income >
€
2,500/month
−
0.345*
(0.059)
0.341*
(0.063)
ln (CO
2
emissions)
0.512**
(0.022)
1.150***
(0.000)
−
Household with tumble dryer
0.102
(0.642)
Household with electric oven
0.301*
(0.090)
Number of TV sets
0.087
(0.130)
−
Household with dishwasher
0.216**
(0.041)
Household in northern area
0.267***
(0.010)
Constant
0.176
(0.951)
3.435
(0.281)
ˁ
0.942
−
X
1
q
¼
0
ð
Þ
7.81***
(0.005)
Observations
271
474
Dependent variable: log (
natural gas use
)
Note
*(p < 0.10), **(p < 0.05), ***(p < 0.01)
cant at 5 %, and its level indicates that
demand for natural gas is slightly elastic. If the assumptions of symmetry, exoge-
neity and constant ef
The variable natural gas price is signi
ciency are satis
ed, the direct rebound effect for natural gas is
1.094. Substituting this
gure in (
6
), it follows that a 10 % increase in energy
ef
ciency in natural gas powered heating and domestic hot water systems would
entail an increase in natural gas consumption of 0.94 %, i.e. a slight back
re [
15
].
cant at the 5 % level, and as with
residential demand for electricity, its sign is as expected. However its magnitude is
considerably greater. Thus, a 10 % drop in CO
2
emissions results in a 5.12 %
decrease in natural gas consumption.
The variable CO
2
emissions is also signi
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